Going Long-range with Transequatorial Propagation (TEP)

I just sent a radio message that was heard 5622 miles away, in Chile! 

I didn't use an Internet provider; no smartphone, no satellites... I didn't even have a big antenna (though, I want one).  

How did I do it? 

Contact with Chile

Well, I've got a nice HAM radio rig connected to a pretty low-tech antenna. But, what really helped was something called Transequatorial Propagation (TEP). TEP is a phenomenon that allows radio signals to travel much farther than expected when communicating across the equator. 

"Propagation" is the term used to describe how radio signals travel. 

Sometimes propagation is more direct. Signals are radiated from a transmitter and, for a certain distance, they are received clearly, provided there is a line-of-sight between transmitter and receiver. This is similar to how my UHF/VHF rig, and scanner, work. Regardless of the conditions, day or night, I can use my UHF/VHF rig to contact others within about 50 miles in all directions. Radios used by the Police, Fire, and Civil Service in my area do the same thing. They are very reliable within a certain range, but cannot propagate farther than that. 

The great thing about "HAM" radio is that we can experiment. We're not emergency workers or broadcast stations, so we can chat, or call out "CQ" to check if anyone is out there to talk to. In doing so, we can actually use our modest radios and antennas to communicate MUCH FARTHER than a standard commercial radio, by using propagation.

FT8 Contact with Chile

I've written other articles about propagation, but I have yet to really describe Transequatorial Propagation (TEP)... Perhaps because I didn't quite understand it when I was using it. 

But it all makes sense now. I've been able to regularly contact, through both phone/voice and digital messaging, South America -Argentina, Brazil and Chile- with relatively low power. 

It's all because of Transequatorial Propagation! 

Transequatorial Propagation (TEP)

As I have mentioned on The Cublical Ruins before, radio propagation is often assisted by ionization of molecules in the upper atmosphere. Ions in the "F" region of the atmosphere, in the right conditions, will reflect radio waves, and send them cascading over a much larger range than the original transmitter can send on its own. 

Night and day, Winter or Summer, there is always more Ionization near Earth's magnetic equator. It's receives the most sunlight year-round, and creates an equatorial field of ions and charged particles. This field creates a mirror (of sorts). It can amplify, and reflect, radio signals going directly across it! 

So this is why -on an otherwise bad day for radio- I can send a low-power signal, and get a response from Chile or Argentina! I used the Sun, sub-atomic particles, the ionization in the atmosphere and Transequatorial Propagation, to send my signal... 

Science is pretty cool!               

Introducing the HAM Radio Widget

Now you can check in on my HAM radio adventures!

In keeping with the goals of The Cubical Ruins: to write, practice web development and provide readers with some insight into my life and experiences, I added a new widget to the homepage... 

Check out the new "HAM Radio Contacts" widget, on the right-hand navigation menu of the website. Like the "What's Up There" widget above it, you can click and drag the HAM radio widget to see where I've made recent contacts with my radios.

 

HAM Radio: Improving Range with Antenna Design

My new antenna design

I have two "HAM" radio antennas on my house currently. One is very obvious. The other is hardly noticeable. The obvious one (the big white pole out front) is my VHF/UHF antenna for transmissions in the 2 meter and 70 centimeter range- a potion of the HAM radio spectrum similar to AM/FM radio, which most people are more familiar with. 

The not-so-obvious one is a wire-system fixed to the side of the house which is hidden from the street. 

To a lay-person, the capabilities of these antennas may be misleading. 

My "big" antenna system; the VHF/UHF transceiver is very useful. However, at its highest power, it can only transmit roughly 60 miles in all directions. Meaning I can talk to northeast Ohio, western Pennsylvania, and maybe West Virginia and Ontario on a good day. Still, there are advantages to the fast-wavelength UHF/VHF bands. Day or night, I can use my ICOM IC-2730 transceiver to connect with people clearly in my region. Neither weather, solar, or atmospheric activity will interfere with my UHF/VHF signal. This is why FM radio stations (and most police and fire departments) communicate on the UHF/VHF bands: Because signal strength is guaranteed within the local region no matter what. In an emergency, I'm happy to have my tried-and-true VHF/UHF rig, because I know I can use it to get in touch with people close enough to my location to help if needed. This is same reason FM radio uses similar wavelengths; because they want their music, news, and programing to be available to everyone within a certain distance, no matter the conditions. 

My existing UHF/VHF antenna

But as an amateur radio enthusiast, I don't simply want to talk to people in the next town over. The fun is contacting people world-wide! (even when it's not an emergency).

So, I set up my "HF" rig with the Yaesu FT-891 and a very simple end-fed antenna that should be able to get my signal farther than Pennsylvania. I wrote about it in this blog! 

In the hands of an experienced radio operator, HF radio waves (which have a lower frequency than VHF/UHF waves) can travel world-wide, if propagation and conditions are right. However, sometimes atmospheric conditions simply aren't conducive for HF signals. And, even if a signal can be heard thousands of miles away, it takes two talented radio operators to send/receive the signal. Interference from weather, solar activity, nearby electronics and genuine randomness, make HF radio a challenge even for the most experienced operator. So, while an HF wave can bounce across the world, it's never as reliable as the UHF/VHF waves we rely on to listen to FM radio, or critical emergency communications. 

However, there are many ways to improve HF propagation and make world-wide amateur radio communication more reliable. One, is antenna design. 

My new HF antenna

My first HF antenna, which I documented here on Cubical Ruins, was about as simple as an antenna can be. In HAM radio, we call it an end-fed "random wire" antenna, because it's basically just that. It's a copper wire strung as high as you can get it. And, it worked! On a good day, when conditions were perfect for global propagation, I actually used that antenna to speak with a gentleman in Southern England from my station in Ohio. I heard him clearly, and he heard me. I was using only 40 percent of the available power on my transceiver. So, it's very easy to make an HF antenna. Basically you just need a metal wire, and a radio! (but, an antenna tuner like the LDG Z-11 Pro and network analyzer like the NanoVNA do help A LOT). 

Eventually it was time to design a new, more permanent, HF antenna. I had a design in mind for a while. I just needed the weather, and time, to set it up. I would go from an end-fed "random wire" antenna, which transmitted from the basement window where my rig was, to as high as I could hang it (about 17 feed up the side of the house), to a horizontally-aligned dipole. 

Unlike the old "random-wire," the dipole would uniformly transmit at a height of about 12 feet above basement window, and from two points at the far sides of the northern end of my house. This means that total the total radiating and receiving portion of the antenna would be both longer, and higher-up, than the previous antenna.  

The result looks like a "T" shape with the radiating antenna crossing horizontally across the house, and the "unbalanced" coaxial line that attaches the antenna to the transceiver making the "stem" of the "T", which terminates at the basement window where my radio is. The entire system, like the UHF/VHF system, is now grounded to reduce electronic interference and to mitigate lighting damage to the home -yet another improvement on my old "random wire." 

At the very least, the new design is more permanent. It's solidly fixed to the house, and has survived two major thunderstorms with significant wind-gusts already. Plus, it now has a lightning arrestor, which definitely makes it a safer long-term antenna than the previous one. 

Contacting Azores with the new antenna

PLUS, it looks like the performance of the the new dipole has improved as well. On the first day I tested the new deign, I made contact with stations in Venezuela and The Azores! And, Los Robles, Argentina, a whopping 5.5 thousand miles away from my location using only 60 of my available 100 watts of power.   

Like any scientific inquiry, it will take a while to truly determine if my new set-up is success. But, transmitting, receiving and collecting data is part of the fun of HAM radio. It's an experiment to see if my new design is an improvement... or if I should go back the drawing board (so-to-speak). 

For now my new antenna works! And it seems to work well.    

Berlin: Reflecting on The Topographies of Terror

I recently had the pleasure of visiting Germany this past May, which may account for why I haven't posted on here for a few weeks. Like Chicago, Paris or New York, Berlin is a city unto itself, so I thought my first post since my return should focus on one aspect of Berlin's past. 

One man refuses to salute Hitler

I haven't traveled overseas since I was a kid. I did spend a lovely three-day weekend in Mexico City (on Cinco de Mayo, no less!), and also visited Quebec (the part of Canada where they speak French!), so I have used my passport before. But this... was a big one. 

So, why Germany? And of all cities, Berlin? The sexy tourist spots are typically elsewhere... Italy, Paris, or the the Mediterranean coast. Within Germany itself, most would pick Munich or a charming Castle-clad village in Bavaria that looks like a Renaissance festival. And, I might want to visit a place like that in the future too! 

But, while castles, mountains and beaches seamed nice, the Spy in me said Berlin... 

When you board an international flight to London or Paris, everyone knows you're just a tourist. When you say your destination is Berlin, people might think you're a spy, an important businessman, or both. 

Due to it's history, and location, in the flat river plains on northern Europe, Berlin is kind-of considered a typical "big city." It's not super stylish, and a-bit dreary and boring. 

Its a political and business center that was bombed-to-hell during World War Two, then walled-in by the Soviet Union during the cold war. 

Anyways... Most photographs of Berlin before 1991 make it look like it sucked. 

But, Berlin's history is what made me want to visit! 

To be honest, I didn't want to go on vacation and be sad about all of the terrible things humans have done to one another in the past. But, at the same time, I didn't want pass up the opportunity to reflect on important pieces of history as well. 

Our teachers and schools in Kent, Ohio did a remarkably good job in educating us youngsters about the The Holocaust: the systematic murder of more than 6 millions Jews, and thousands more ethnic minorities, disabled people, LGBTQ people, and political dissidents. We read the Diary of Anne Frank and learned about the terrors and injustices. 

I myself studied aspects of these events in graduate school, and honestly cried myself to sleep some nights after learning what had happened at the hands of the Nazi regime. So, I didn't really want to spend my vacation re-visiting such terrors. 

But, I did want to respect the history of Berlin and what happened. I figured I'd go to the Topography of Terrors exhibit to get the "Sad Part" over-with on my first full day in Berlin.   

The Topography of Terrors museum is in a unique location that really enhances the experience. It's indoor gallery is built atop the remains of the Nazi regime's SS headquarters, and outside is one of the only remaining sections of the Berlin Wall. Of course,"The Wall" is simply there for posterity, and you can walk right around it now, if you wish. 

This museum focuses on the everyday people who were swept up into Nazism, and ultimately betrayed their fellow humans by helping to commit the largest mass murder in history. SS officers, prison guards, executioners, and functionaries of Hitler are pictured and documented here... lest anyone forget that people just like you and I are capable of horrible things. 

A model of Berlin during the war

My most memorable encounter was seeing the model of Berlin during World War Two. Hitler and the Nazi's were in charge of Germany for a decade before war broke out and used the opportunity to completely rebuild Berlin into the capital city of a "Thousand Year Reich". I was standing right in the middle of what, before the war, would've been a fantastically modern city capital. Naturally, being the center of the Nazi Regime, this entire city center (similar to Washington DC's National Mall) was, bombed into oblivion, and will never be seen again. In the photo of the model above, the clear sections are buildings that were completely destroyed during the war, giving you an idea of the price Berlin paid for the crimes of the Nazi Reich. 

Something about that had an impact on me. This was once a campus of beautifully designed and planned public structures. Now, I am standing in a Museum that showcases how and why they were all destroyed. 

I was not far from the the "Führerbunker," the last hideout for Hitler and many more of his loyal followers, who, rather than walk up to the surface and face surrender to the Allies, shot themselves or ingested poison. 

Did they do that because they regretted what they did, or because they feared the punishment? Either way, it was a hard thing to think about.  

Perhaps the best photo I saw at the Topography of Terror was of one man who refused to salute Hitler.               

Contesting: The Competitive Side of HAM Radio

I finished my last ice hockey game of season in early April, but I didn't stop competing. This past weekend I participated in another competition, albeit a competition way different than ice hockey. I competed in the Florida QSO Party with my "team," the Portage County Amateur Radio Service (PCARS) from our club site in Ravenna, Ohio. The Florida QSO party is one of 50 state "Contests" that take place on weekends each year inviting any licensed amateur radio operators, and clubs like ours to compete and earn awards by contacting other stations, clubs and operators in certain locations during a period of time. 

Various award earned by PCARS

When I typically talk to people unfamiliar with HAM radio, I often focus on the practical aspects of the hobby. It teaches you all about waves, frequencies and signals, which we rely on constantly in our daily lives when we use radios, smartphones and WiFi. It could be necessary in an emergency, if cell service or power goes down -and PCARS does have volunteers who work for the county's Emergency Management Agency that train every two weeks for such an event. Amateur radio also allows a portion of the airwaves for amateurs to experiment with new wave forms, digital protocols, and communication technology that may help to drive innovation for the future. In fact, this is exactly why the Federal Communication Commission holds certain parts of the radio spectrum available for licensed amateurs like myself. But, what do we do with all this technology when there aren't any emergencies or communications problems that need to be solved? We have fun, of course! And, along with DX'ing, meeting new people from all over the world, and chatting with other HAM's in the local community, Contesting is a big part of that fun. 

So, what exactly is a Contest in terms of amateur radio? In the simplest terms, it's a competition to see who can contact the most individual radio operators and stations in a given time period. You use your radio to listen for other stations transmitting, or call out to request that other stations find you. Once you connect with someone, and they can hear you, you exchange some basic information, usually their call sign (the alpha numeric designation all licensed amateurs use to ID themselves over the air), their location and other details, such as a sequence number, a signal report or other pieces of information described in the rules of the Contest. Once you've got all the info you need from the other party, you'll write or type that information down, and submit it to the Contest officials after the competition is complete. The officials will then reconcile each submission to confirm that both parties made contact and gathered the correct info from one another to confirm a contact (or "QSO" as we often call it). Most of this is done digitally now, through SQL or other database software.

Award my team received for the Washington QSO Contest

Scoring depends on each individual Contest's rules. In most state "QSO parties" scoring is different for in-state contestants versus out-of-state contestants. In-state contestants may get points for both in-state and out-of-state contests, while out-of-state contestants may only get points for making contacts within the hosting state. For example, when competing in the Florida QSO party last weekend, my group from Ohio was only looking to call into Florida, as we wouldn't be awarded for making contacts elsewhere. This way, the state hosting the party is the focus of much of the radio activity that day. Additionally, extra points may be given for achieving certain goals like contacting someone from each county (or parish) in a state, or contacting one or more "special" stations, such as stations set-up in state parks, landmarks or points of interest. It's a bit like completing a "side quest" in a video game, or catching that "rare" Pokemon. 

Most Contests have different categories, so people with a wide range of interests can participate. Typically there are individual entries and group or team entries, but with those categories, different contestants can get awards in various categories, such as most VHF/UHF contacts, most CW (or Morse code) contacts, or most contacts on each HF band, etc. So there are usually a lot of ways to win or place, regardless of your interest. You can also uses contests to find new contacts on the radio, even if you aren't participating in the contest; as you can imagine, radio activity will increase in each state when they hold their contests, and this gives any amateur an opportunity to listen for and make contact with contest participants in a given location. 

When I first started in amateur radio, I did so because I wanted to learn about the technology, communicate with other countries and be prepared in case of an emergency. So, when I first joined PCARS, I was a little weary of "Contesting". I already played ice hockey, and the prospect of winning and losing was stressful enough. What if I sucked? I would be letting the whole team down! 

Images for our outdoor Parks-On-The-Air contest in January

Thankfully, PCARS and the amateur radio community at large are some of the nicest and most welcoming people you'll ever get to know. Just because it's a "Contest" and it's scored, doesn't mean it's stressful. Usually we simply stay on the radio only as long as we're comfortable. Some participants will work from their home rigs, and send in their contact sheet afterwards, and others will come to the club site and compete for a few hours each weekend as they have time. And each contest is a great opportunity to socialize, not only with the contacts you make on the air, but with other participants at your club or station. 

Good food is usually required as well. This past weekend, I not only got 5 contacts on the 20 meter band in the state of Florida, I also got two slices of pepperoni pizza, a Boston cream doughnut from Maggie's in Middlefield, Ohio, and all the Dr. Pepper I could drink! Not a bad way to spend a Saturday. 

Experimenting with Antennas: A Pursuit In Creativity

Testing my antenna using a NanoVNA analyzer

I'm writing this post now as a novice in radio. But, as I learn, I wanted to comment on how interesting it is to work with Antennas... you know, those big, strange looking structures on the tops of towers and buildings. Those dishes we use to get satellite TV (I loved having Direct TV), those fields of big disks we use to maybe talk to aliens, and those cute little feelers on the tops of ants' heads.

Again, I'm not an expert (yet), but antennas serve two functional purposes: 1.) to receive signals and 2.) to send them. A good example is my hearty, tried and true, UHF VHF antenna. It's designed to send radio messages in the very specific 2 meter and 75 centimeter range. In laymans' terms, it sends signals from my radio in all directions at roughly the same frequency as the FM radio in your car. So, just as if your were listening to an FM radio station based in Chicago, you could expect that the transmissions I put out will carry until you're about 60 to 75 miles away. So, If you're listening to classic rock in Chicago, and keep the same frequency during your journey, you'll like begin to hear static, NPR, sports radio or a charismatic Christian minister once you get about 60 miles out. Then, you need to re-tune in the local classic rock FM station. The same goes for my amateur UHF VHF antenna; anyone within about 60 miles can hear me clearly, when transmitting, at any time of day, but outside of that range I won't be heard. 

You've seen FM radio antennas just like mine before, they tend to be about 2 meter-high columns on top of a building or a tower of some sort. They're usually up high, because the farther above ground level they are, the better they receive and transmit.  

My UHF VHF (FM) antenna

However, antennas come in all different shapes and sizes for different needs. A concave disk is likely a receiving dish for a satellite in orbit around Earth (or beyond!). A short cylinder pointed horizontally is probably a microwave transmitter sending a signal on a linear path over land or sea in one direction. In an iPhone, the antenna is a simple metal node encased at the bottom of the phone near the charger. You can't even see it. 

When people typically think of HAM radio antennas, they think of the big towers that experienced, well financed, hobbyists have towering over their homes. I've called it the "tell tale" antenna, in that you can spot any serious ham by the big antenna on their house. However, as a new HAM radio operator, I've discovered that antennas are both much simpler, and at the same time, more complex than a big metal tower. 

My end-fed HF antenna

Take my simple end-fed, half-wave-length, wire antenna that I've been using on the 10 meter band for worldwide SSB phone and digital communication. It's literally just a 17-18 foot narrow copper wire hung on my house. The UHF VHF antenna, which took a lot of work, and looks impressive, is only good to transmit about 60-75 miles out -same as a typical FM radio station. But, the small wire hanging on my home's siding? If conditions are good, it can transmit to the entire world, New Zealand, Australia and Antarctica. (And there are people in Antarctica listening!) 

Below is a nice diagram of what a simple end-fed antenna looks like. To get the best reception, and resonance, you need to use some math to to calculate the length of your antenna. Because higher-frequency UHF VHF bands, like those used for FM, have relatively short wave-lengths, the antenna needs only to be one or two meters high. But for lower-frequency bands, such as 10 meter band I use for long range HF radio, you need a significantly longer antenna, like my 17-18 foot wire antenna used for around 28 Mhz. The reason why a lot of HAMs simply use wires is because they're portable. We can string them up when needed, and coil them back up for storage. 

Diagram of an end-fed antenna design

 

My home-made "dipole" wire antenna

When it comes to wire antennas, there are so many styles and variables to try. I'm currently having a lot of success with my end fed wire, which is also known as a "sloper" because usually it's hung diagonally, from a tree or structure, to improve upward propagation. But, since I'm limited in the space I can use at my house, I simply hung the wire vertically, and I get good results. Wire antennas can also be constructed different ways. For example, instead of an end-fed wire antenna which extends in one direction from your transmitter's feed line, you could use a "dipole" antenna which extends in two directions (poles) from a un:un or bal:un (or balancing coil), in the middle. This antenna design may improve propagation in multiple directions, and may also be more convenient for spacing, since the feed line is in the center. I'm currently working on a wire dipole antenna of my own with a store-bought un:un, but in the future I should be able to build an un:un or bal:un of my own, which is basically a wire coiled around a ferrite or iron tube; It's called a toroid. It balances the RF signal from the unbalanced feed line, so that the two poles of the radiating antenna are resonant, and RF energy does not feed back into the radio, which can not only impact the quality of your transmission, but also damage the radio.

A photo of a dipole wire antenna in the field

The big difference in the more substantial UHF VHF antenna, and the MacGuyer'd wire HF antenna, is that the UHF VHF, or FM, antenna can send messages about 60 to 75 miles out at any time of day, all-year-round, regardless of weather conditions. It's more reliable, and this is why FM is still the preferred broadcasting medium for radio. If the Solar Cycle shifts, you still get to hear Tom Sawyer by Rush (one of my favorites!). While it may not transmit far, you have steady reliability in a given range. Compare that with HF radio between 3 and 30 Mhz. Yes, with a simple wire hung on my house I can contact the world, but only at certain times given the atmospheric conditions. At other times my crappy little wire is unreliable. 

The insulator on my HF antenna

Take the 10 meter HF band for example. This range of frequencies propagates very well off any length of wire, if tuned appropriately. There's no need to install a dish or expensive antenna, and heck! you don't even need to get on a rooftop. Hang the wire anywhere, and you'll be able to receive and transmit signals. The catch is that the 10 meter band is only available during the daylight hours given certain conditions. 10 meter transmissions rely on the subatomic particles in the Ionosphere. During the day they create a "mirror" which reflects, and bounces, signals across the atmosphere. It only works during the day, when the sun is shining. At night, the band is not reliable, and signals from my antenna go off into the atmosphere, and right up into space to never be heard. 

We need the sun, and it's subatomic particles to transmit on 10 meters. At night, there is no sun, and no propagation. In fact, in the low portion of the Solar Cycle, it may not even be possible to transmit during the daytime as there is not enough Solar radiation to accommodate the 10 meter signal.

In short, a "bigger" antenna never really means a "better" signal. It all comes down to numerous variables. 

But, this is where the fun and creativity comes in! 

There are practiced and documented principles for making antennas; and, in general, (especially when learning), it's important to follow them. However, radio is a huge hobby that spans an almost infinite spectrum of expertise. So, there's plenty of room to experiment! 

Just speaking for my own radio club, the Portage County Amateur Radio Service, I've been introduced to a feast of Antenna designs made by local amateurs. For example: I got to assist in the construction of a J-pole-style antenna using all recycled materials. I am also learning how to construct a Quadrifilar Helix (QFH) antenna, with just PVC piping, copper wire, and other supplies that I can get at a hardware store. In the past I have use my UHF VHF antenna to receive satellite signals, but it's not specifically designed for that use, so I often have distortions in the images and data I retrieve for orbiting satellites. The QFH style antenna is designed to pick up signals from objects moving overhead from any direction. So, not only does it look really cool, it's also designed for better performance at that one particular task. 

A QFH (Quadrifilar Helix Antenna)

Antenna design leaves a lot of room for creativity. There are established  designs we follow when telecommunication is critical. However, as amateurs, we get to experiment too. I can create one super interesting looking antenna specifically built to contact NOAA weather satellites, and talk to my friend whose studying abroad in Italy. I can try out pre-tested designs or even try to design my own. Newly available meters such as SWR meters, and network analyzers, like my NanoVNA, make it easy to run field tests to make sure my design works. And radio equipment such as antenna tuners make it easier to transmit and receive multiple modes and bands on antennas not necessarily specifically designed to use them. This offers more flexibility when designing or considering new antennas. We have the option to make the perfect antenna for a specific purpose, or create an antenna, like the two I have, which comprise between serving a specific purpose perfectly, and serving multiple purposes well enough.   

There's no one antenna that will suit all radio needs, so HAM's often end up building and collecting many different models of antenna. They even use their expertise in wave propagation, to invent new styles of antenna! Which is why I find Antenna design to be one of the more creative aspects of amateur radio